Using the 1890s as a guide to bond investing (not the 1980s)

Jenna Barnard, Co-Fund Manager of Henderson Diversified Income Trust plc and Co-Head of Strategic Fixed Income, reveals how a second-hand book published almost 130 years ago turned out to be a rare birthday present gem.

Last month, I received a birthday present of a singular little book dating from 1892, which was found by chance in a second-hand book dealer. Counsel to Ladies and Easy-Going Men on their Business Investments and Cautions Against the Lures of Wily Financiers & Unprincipled Promoters' turned out to be a personal guide to bond investing written by an anonymous woman based on her own investment experience in the late 1800s. Understandably, this might not appeal to everyone, but from my perspective it turned out to be a rare birthday present gem.

Its contents are not only instructive but bring illumination to the predicament facing bond investors more than a century later. It is worth noting that the book was written in the UK in 1892 in the midst of what was known as 'The Long Depression'. This period has many parallels to our own but hit the UK particularly hard as it became a pursued economy with its industrial hegemony eroded by the emergence of the US as a competitor. Globally, the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s were a period of falling price levels and rates of economic growth significantly below the periods preceding and following. Triggered by financial crises (railroad bonds in the US, a silver crisis in Europe) and stagnant real wages there are many parallels to the current global malaise.

The book contains timeless investment precepts that have a healthy overlap with our own style of bond management, which we have termed “Sensible Income”. This style reflects the needs of our clients, with the average investor in one income fund we run being named Margaret, who is 78 years old and lives in Bournemouth on the south coast of England. We imagine Margaret when selecting bonds for all of the funds we manage and understand that she wants solid, dependable income prospects, not equity-type risk from her bond fund. We are bond managers and clients, in our view, do not want to be unsettled or stressed by the bond allocation in their portfolios. We leave that to other asset classes with the prospect of greater return in exchange for greater risk. Ideally, the bond allocation should provide diversification against risk assets and hence a focus on more reliable income generation can be very useful in turbulent times. This approach is neatly summarised in the book:

“Never expect to make money by a great coup; moderate risks and moderate profits from time to time are the only solid basis of permanent success. Great risks unsettle the judgment and usually end in disaster”.

What we find most gratifying is when we can see that this style of credit investing has even percolated through to our allocated investment bank salespeople when they quote back to us that “this bond would suit Margaret”. In the book this is referred to as the considered behaviour of “the old race of merchants” who would “lay down certain principles of the conduct of their affairs, from which they would not deviate; when any unsuitable business was proposed, they at once replied that it was not in their line; it saved waste of time in considering the proposal…and saved them from many a loss”.

In what follows I’ve chosen a few choice quotes from the book to reflect on:

Recurring troublemakers & government bond investing in Europe:

Northern Europe – “Securities of good Continental Governments, such as Germany, Prussia, Holland and Scandinavia are too dear as a rule.”

“France, Austria, Hungary and Italy, are honest, but they add to their debts year by year.”

Southern Europe – “The government securities of the South of Europe, Spain, Portugal, and Greece are dangerous as permanent investments; from time to time they have compromised their creditors in the past, and will do so again.”

The relevance of these statements is obvious given the experience of Europe in recent years but it continues to amaze us that some investors exhibit little long-term stewardship of their clients’ money or perspective during ‘hot’ markets, where demand heavily outstrips supply and can lead to investors overpaying. A classic case in point was the almost farcical Argentinian 100-year bond issued in 2018, which saw ludicrously strong demand at the time of its issue but then the reality of Argentina's troubled economy and politics set in and the bond is currently trading at 67 cents on the dollar¹.

Corporate bond investing:

“No investments are more dangerous for a lady than new banks and new insurance companies.”

“New banks at home or abroad are often started by second class people, and must be carefully avoided. Established and solid business firms do not readily change their bankers, so that many of the clients of a new bank are third or fourth rate firms; for some years usually bad debts are made, and the management has to buy its experience at a heavy, and sometimes ruinous cost.”

This point is not lost on anyone who might have invested in bonds from Metro Bank, a UK challenger bank that was launched a few years ago - the bond highlighted below is trading well below its 100 issue price.

Metro Bank 5 ½% 2028 bond price:

Source: Bloomberg, Metro Bank 5 ½% 26/06/2028, 20 June 2018 to 28 April 2019, GBP. Past performance is not a guide to future performance.

“Loans of small states and the securities of companies with small capital…are difficult of sale and the quoted margin…is usually considerable. Moderate stakes in large companies are the best.”

We have also found the bonds of smaller companies to have higher default rates on average and lower recovery rates. Lending to a company with <US$100m in EBITDA (eanings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation) is, in our view, best avoided.

Short duration bond strategies:

“Bonds to be paid off at par in a few years are not very desirable for ladies. If good they will have to buy at a premium, and will of course incur a loss of capital at the end of the term. They will then have the trouble of finding a new investment and as the interest on money may further decline, this may be a considerable disadvantage.”

The issue of reinvestment rates is particularly pertinent today if, as we believe, the Federal Reserve has signalled that rates in the US have peaked at around a 2.4% effective Fed Funds rate. Rates in much of the developed world will likely not rise by much, if at all, this cycle. Thinking through where rates may go in the next recession is sobering and makes longer dated investment grade bonds attractive. This is something which the industry, with its short duration bias and constant misforecasting that government bond yields are set to move substantially higher, does not seem to agree with.

Sensible income:

“In a country like England, where low rates of interest rule, a security offering 5 or 6 per cent would properly be looked at with suspicion.”

“Avoid bonds or shares to concerns which hold out a promise of an unusually high rate of interest, or an excessive profit.”

In conclusion, this little book is a useful reminder of the importance of style and discipline in bond investment. It also emphasises that anchoring to the high interest rate and inflation regime of the 1980s when many started their career is neither useful nor rewarding as a mental starting point. Periods of low inflation, low interest rates and speculative manias are many and varied through history. Sensible bond investing can help investors navigate through these environments with capital intact.

It is fitting to end on some final wise counsel from the book. “It is the common experience that fortunes tend steadily to increase in the ratio that losses are avoided.”

Notes
The book mentioned in this article is: Anon (1892) 'Counsel to Ladies and Easy-Going Men on their Business Investments and Cautions Against the Lures of Wily Financiers & Unprincipled Promoters', London, The Leadenhall Press, Ltd: 50 Leadenhall Street, E.C. Effingham Wilson & Co., Royal Exchange. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.

¹Source: Bloomberg, Argentina 7 1/8 06/28/2117. Price correct at 1 May 2019.